АвтоАвтоматизацияАрхитектураАстрономияАудитБиологияБухгалтерияВоенное делоГенетикаГеографияГеологияГосударствоДомДругоеЖурналистика и СМИИзобретательствоИностранные языкиИнформатикаИскусствоИсторияКомпьютерыКулинарияКультураЛексикологияЛитератураЛогикаМаркетингМатематикаМашиностроениеМедицинаМенеджментМеталлы и СваркаМеханикаМузыкаНаселениеОбразованиеОхрана безопасности жизниОхрана ТрудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПриборостроениеПрограммированиеПроизводствоПромышленностьПсихологияРадиоРегилияСвязьСоциологияСпортСтандартизацияСтроительствоТехнологииТорговляТуризмФизикаФизиологияФилософияФинансыХимияХозяйствоЦеннообразованиеЧерчениеЭкологияЭконометрикаЭкономикаЭлектроникаЮриспунденкция

LECTURE 10. ENRICHMENT OF THE VOCABULARY IN THE MnE PERIOD

Читайте также:
  1. A) Study the vocabulary for work and jobs. Match words and phrases from the left-side column with their Ukrainian equivalents.
  2. A) Study useful vocabulary for recruitment and selection.
  3. Active vocabulary.
  4. End of the 1-st term vocabulary
  5. End of the 2-nd term vocabulary
  6. Etymological division of the OE Vocabulary
  7. Family – Key Vocabulary in Context
  8. LECTURE 01
  9. LECTURE 02
  10. LECTURE 1
  11. Lecture 1 Object of Stylistics
  12. LECTURE 1. INTRODUCTION

 

Plan

I. External sources.

1. The 16th century borrowings: a) from Italian and Spanish; b) from Latin (latinisation of French borrowings, etymological doublets); c) from Greek

2. The 17th century loans: a) colonial words; b) French borrowings.

3. The 18th – 20th centuries.

II. Internal ways of developing vocabulary (Word-building)

 

The Early MnE period coincided with the Late Renaissance and the epoch of the Great geographical discoveries. These phenomena influenced the development of English vocabulary considerably. The study of Italian, the language of the birthplace of the Renaissance, the appearance of new commodities from the New World, contacts with Spanish and Portuguese brought about an influx of loan words from these languages. Each language influenced the English vocabulary in some specific sphere of culture: the Italian language gave terms of music and art, American Indian languages brought the names of animals and plants. The flourishing of the classical philology, the study of Greek and Roman authors gave English a number of words borrowed from the classical languages. At first these words were bookish, but gradually they became a part of the common word stock.

Italian words refer mainly to the sphere of art: finale, fresco, violin, umbrella, balcony, grotto; butthere are also bandit, volcano, motto.

Spanish borrowings belong to a different semantic field: armada, negro, desperado, mosquito, tornado.

Much more numerous were borrowings from Latin. The mixed character of English vocabulary promoted an easy adoption of words from Latin. The following derivational types are most frequent:

1 ) verbs in –ate derived from the past participle (in –atum) of Latin verbs: aggravate, abbreviate, exaggerate, frustrate, narrate, emancipate, locate, separate;

2) verbs in –ute derived from the past participle (in –utum) of another group of Latin verbs: constitute, contribute, attribute, pollute;

3 ) verbs derived from past participle of some other Latin verbs in – ss or –ct: dismiss, affect, collect, contradict, correct;

4) verbs derived from the infinitive of some Latin verbs: permit, admit, compel, deduce, induce, produce, introduce, include, exclude, preclude, allude;

5) adjective s derived from Latin present participles in –ant/-ent: arrogant, reluctant, evident, transparent, lenient, obedient, patient; and also nouns with the same suffix: accident, incident, occident, orient, crescent;

6) adjectives derived from the comparative degree of Latin adjectives with the suffix – ior/(or): superior, inferior, interior, exterior, senior, junior, minor, major.

The nouns ending in – tion are very difficult to classify. It is often hard to tell whether the word was adopted from Latin or from French.

 

When a word was borrowed from Latin it would occasionally happen that the same word had been borrowed from French in the 13th – 14th centuries, often with a different meaning. In such cases pairs of doublets would appear in the English language. For example, the Latin noun traditio meant “giving over”. Its meaning developed in 2 directions: “to pass something over to the enemy” i.e. “ treason ”; and “to pass something over from generation to generation”, i.e. “ tradition ”. Thus, treason and tradition are etymological doublets. The Latin word factum had 2 meanings: “something that has been done” and “something that has happened”. In OFr it got the meaning “ feat ” in while in scientific Latin it got the meaning “fact”.

 

 

In the following table you’ll find etymological doublets which originated from Latin and came to English through different sources.

Latin Old French English from French popular words English from Latin or French learned words
factum fait feat fact
securum seure sure secure
radius rai ray radius
appretiare apreser appraise appreciate
defectum defait defeat defect
abbreviare abreger abridge abbreviate
dignitatem deintee dainty dignity
seniorem sire sir senior
vocalem vouel vowel vocal
potionem poison poison potion

 

 

One more example: the Latin word monasterium was adopted into the English language twice: in OE it got the form mynste r > ME, MnE minster. During the Renaissance it was borrowed in the form monastery.


1 | 2 |

Поиск по сайту:



Все материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления читателями и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав. Студалл.Орг (0.004 сек.)