Раздел 7. СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

The Passive Voice

В английском языке, как и в русском, глаголы могут иметь два залога: дей­ствительный (the Active Voice) и страдательный (the Passive Voice).

Действительный залог:

I write a letter. Я пишу письмо.

подлеж. сказ. дополн. (Подлежащее совершает действие.)

Страдательный залог:

The letter is written by me. Письмо написано мною.

подлеж. сказ. дополн. (Действие совершается над подлежащим)

Образование форм

Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice) образуется при помощи вспомо­гательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и Participle II смыслового глагола (или третьей формы смыслового глагола).

В зависимости от употребляемой временной формы изменяется глагол to be, который является показателем лица, числа и времени.

The letter is written. Письмо написано.

The letter was written. Письмо было написано.

The letter will be written. Письмо будет написано.

В страдательном залоге нет формы Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous и Future Continuous-in-the-Past. Вместо них употребляются соответствующие времена недлительной формы.

Прошедшее и будущее время группы Perfect страдательного залога употребляются довольно редко, а настоящее время группы Perfect (Present Perfect) часто употребляется с глаголами to ask, to send, to tell и др.

Ø В предложениях с глаголами в Passive Voice действующее лицо часто не упоминается. Если же действующее лицо или предмет, с помощью которого совершается действие, упомянуто, то ему предшествует предлог by.

Ø Если ечь идет не о действующем лице, а об орудии или инструменте, посредством которого совершается действие, или о предмете, выраженном су­ществительным, которое является названием вещества (железо, стекло, дым, вода и др.), употребляется предлог with.

1. Find the agent (исполнитель действия) in the following sentences.

1. The photo was taken by my brother.

2. The water was pouring out of the hole.

3. A policeman has been murdered by terrorists.

4. We were woken by the alarm.

5. The guide led a group of tourists around the castle.

6. The dog has bitten several people.

7. The traffic was all heading out of town.

2. Read the text. Find the verbs in the passive form.

Acid rain is caused by burning coal or oil. When either fuel is burned, it releases poisonous gases which are carried up into the atmosphere and sometimes transported long distances.

Over 3,000 research projects have been carried out to look into acid rain, and a decision to tackle the problem has been taken in most of the western European countries. Measures have been taken in Scandinavia and in Central Europe to stop the pollution before it is dumped on the environment, and a diplomatic campaign has been launched to convince other countries that the problem has to be considered as a major ecological threat.'

Five years ago this issue was not being treated seriously,' says one leading environmental group, 'but now that damage has been reported in large areas of forest and lakeland, our politicians are being forced to take action. This problem must be solved quickly: if governments do nothing, they will be faced in two or three years' time with the accusation that they have allowed our forests to die.' A major international initiative to combat acid rain is expected in the near future.

3.Define the tense and the voice of the verbs in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The students were given a lot of work to do last month. 2. She was often spoken about. 3. I was told a very interesting story. 4. The way to the college will be shown to you by any student. 5. They have been discussing this question for the whole hour. This question is being discussed at the meeting. 6. They were listening to music when I entered the room. When I entered the room the lecturer was being listened to with great attention. 7. She has just written a letter. The letter has just been written by her. 8. His parents have bought a new TV set this week. A new TV set has been bought by them this week. 9. She showed me the text which her brother had translated. She showed me the text which had been translated by her brother. 10. He will have completed his experiment by the end of the month. We know that the experiment will have been completed by the end of the year.

4. Choose the right form of the verbs.

Millions of pounds' worth of damage (►) has caused /has been caused by a storm which (1) swept/was swept across the north of England last night. The River Ribble (2) burst/was burst its banks after heavy rain. Many people (3) rescued/were rescued from the floods by fire-fighters, who (4) received/were received hundreds of calls for help. Wind speeds (5) reached/were reached ninety miles an hour in some places. Roads (6) blocked/were blocked by fallen trees, and electricity lines (7) brought/were brought down, leaving thousands of homes without electricity. 'Everything possible (8) is doing/is being done to get things back to normal,' a spokesman (9) said/was said.

5. Complete the sentences with a passive construction, using the verbs given and in the form suggested.

1. Much of London (destroy) by fire in the seventeenth century. (Past simple)

2. The man who (bite) by a snake (give) a serum. (Past perfect, past simple)

3. The police (instruct) to take firm action against hooligans. (Present perfect)

4. He (save) from bankruptcy by the kindness of a friend. (Past simple)

5. A cease-fire (expect) to be declared later this week. (Present simple)

6. The worker claimed that he (victimize) by his employers. (Past progressive)

7. The tenant (evict) for not paying his rent. (Past simple)

8. Three hundred new houses (build) by the end of next year. (Future perfect)

9. The passengers ought to have been informed that the train (withdraw) from service. (Past perfect)

Ø При изменении залога дополнение предложения в действительном залоге становится подлежащим в страдательном залоге. См. схему.

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