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WEAK, BACKLINGUAL, OCCLUSIVE, NOISE

Читайте также:
  1. BACKLINGUAL, OCCLUSIVE, NASAL SONANT
  2. PHARYNGEAL, CONSTRICTIVE, NOISE, VOICELESS
  3. STRONG, FORELINGUAL (alveolar), OCCLUSIVE, NOISE
  4. WEAK, BILABIAL, OCCLUSIVE, NOISE
  5. WEAK, FORELINGUAL (post-alveolar), CONSTRICTIVE, NOISE

/ g /

▼ ▼

[ g<w ] [ g>w ]

gad dag

The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the primary obstacle to the air-stream is formed by a closure made between the back of the tongue and the soft palate. Lung air is compressed behind this closure, during which stage the vocal folds may vibrate for all or part of the compression stage for / g / according to its situation in the utterance. The lip position will be conditioned by that of adjacent sounds, especially following vowels, e.g. spread lips for the plosives in geese, geezer and somewhat rounded lips for the plosive in goose, Guatemala. The air escapes upon the sudden separation of the lingua-velar closure.

The velar stop contact is particularly sensitive to the nature of an adjacent vowel. Thus, when a front vowel follows, e.g. / g / in geese, the contact will be made on the forward part of the soft palate. When a back vowel follows, e.g. gone, the contact on the soft palate will be retracted.

get gone God geese guard gamp giddy noggin big leg dog bog gab - bag God - dog got - tog guard - Dargue

DRILL 25

CONTRAST / g / - / k /

 

guard – card God – cod gap – cap cog – cock log – lock bag - back gad - cad gone - con tig - tick lag - lack

 

DRILL 26

CONTRAST / A / - / O / - / Á /

tart – taught – tot stark – stork – stock card – cord – cod larks – lawks – locks part – port - pot darn – dawn - don

DRILL 27

STRONG, LABIO-DENTAL, CONSTRICTIVE, NOISE

/ f /

▼ ▼ ▼

[ f ] [ f ] [ fβ ]

feel leaf a cupful

 

The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the inner surface of the lower lip makes a light contact with the edge of the upper teeth, so that the escaping air produces friction. The actual point of contact will vary somewhat according to the adjacent sound, e.g. in the case of a back rounded vowel as in fool, roof, the contact on the lower lip tends to be more retracted than in the case of a front spread vowel in feel, leaf. The friction is voiceless.

feed fast fan fall feast fill fawn flocks finish deaf beef if calf stiff feel - leaf fed - deaf fit - stiff fox – scoff  

DRILL 28

WEAK, LABIO-DENTAL, CONSTRICTIVE, NOISE

/ v /

▼ ▼ ▼

[ v<w ] [ v>w ] [ vβ ]

veal leave obvious

The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the inner surface of the lower lip makes a light contact with the edge of the upper teeth, so that the escaping air produces friction. The actual point of contact will vary somewhat according to the adjacent sound, e.g. in the case of a back rounded vowel as in voodoo, groove, the contact on the lower lip tends to be more retracted than in the case of a front spread vowel in veal, leave. There may be some vocal folds vibration accompanying / v / according to its position.

van vamp vest vase valet   give sieve “v” - eve vast – starve villain - live  

DRILL 29

CONTRAST / v / - / f /

vat – fat vast – fast “v” – fee van – fan vault – fault vend – fend leave - leaf scarves - scarf carve - calf starve - staff give - gift elves - elf

DRILL 30

LOSS OF PLOSION*

[ {p×t ] [ eb×d ]

apt ebbed

It is a feature of English that in a cluster of two stops (plosives or plosive + affricate) either within a word or at word boundaries, the first plosive has no audible release. The closure for the second stops is made before the release of the first, forming a further obstacle to the air-stream.

packed asked act picked tipped begged fogged legged bobbed   doggy - dogged leggy - legged bobby - bobbed picket - picked packet - packed ticket - ticked lobby - lobbed sippet - sipped floppy - flopped  

*See the rule on page 25, IV b.

DRILL 31

LATERAL PLOSION*

▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼

[ p×l ] [ t×l ] [ k×l ] [ b×l ] [ d×l ] [ g×l ]

 

The most frequent tongue contact for English / l / being alveolar, the sequences / t / or / d / + / l / are homorganic. / t / and / d / in such situations are normally released laterally, i.e. one or both sides of the tongue are lowered to allow the air to escape, the tongue-tip contact remaining. Such homorganic lateral release is to be distinguished from sequences of /p, b, k, g/ + / l /, e.g. in apple, bubble, tackle, glow. In these cases, the partial alveolar contact for / l / is made before or at the time of the release of the plosive, and in this sense, the escape of air is lateral.

 

plaid plant plaque plash bleed black blah blast clam clash class clap gleam gloss glance glen little settle cattle battle saddle middle toddle oddly

plan - bland class - glass

plead - bleed clean - glean

pleat - bleat clan - gland

clad - glad clip - glib

temple - temblor

petal - pedal

metal - meddle

DRILL 32

NASAL PLOSION*

▼ ▼ ▼ ▼

[ t×n ] [ d×n ] [ k×n ] [ g×n ]

When a plosive is followed by a homorganic nasal consonant, either syllabic or initial in a following syllable, the release of air is normally effected not by a removal of the oral closure, which is retained, but by the escape of the compressed air through the nasal passage, opened by the lowering of the soft palate for the nasal consonant, e.g. topmost, submerge, cotton, sudden.

A different kind of nasal release occurs when the nasal sonant following a plosive is not homorganic, e.g. abnormal, ignore, cheap nuts, bad man. In these cases the plosive closure is not normally released until the articulatory movements for the nasal consonant, i.e. the second oral closure and the lowering of the soft palate, have been accomplished.

pattern garden Agnes mitten cotton beaten kitten fatten(v.) Eton didn’t leaden(a.) madden modern Eden

DRILL 33


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