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ÊÝÓíÑ ÇáÍãÏ æÇáãÏÍ æÇáÝÑÞ ÈíäåãÇ

×èòàéòå òàêæå:
  1. ÂíÉ ÇáßÑÓí ÊÝÓíÑåÇ æÅËÈÇÊåÇ ááÕÝÇÊ
  2. ÊÝÓíÑ åõæó ÇáúÃóæøóáõ æóÇáúÂÎöÑõ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ æóÇáúÈóÇØöäõ
  3. ÊÝÓíÑ ÇáÅáÍÇÏ Ýí ÇáÕÝÇÊ æÃäæÇÚå
  4. ÊÝÓíÑ ÇáÅíãÇä ÈÇááå æãáÇÆßÊå æßÊÈå æÑÓáå

ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÑúÓóáó ÑóÓõæáóåõ ÈöÇáúåõÏóì æóÏöíäö ÇáúÍóÞøö áöíõÙúåöÑóåõ Úóáóì ÇáÏøöíäö ßõáøöåö æóßóÝóì ÈöÇááøóåö ÔóåöíÏðÇ.

(ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö): Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö r Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: { ßõáøõ ßóáóÇãò áóÇ íõÈúÏóÃõ Ýöíåö ÈöÍóãúÏö Çááøóåö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Úóáóíøó Ýóåõæó ÃóÞúØóÚõ¡ ÃóÈúÊóÑõ¡ ãóãúÍõæÞõ ÇáúÈóÑóßóÉö } ([6]) ([7])

æóæóÑóÏó ãöËúáõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÓúãóáóÉö.

æóáöåóÐóÇ ÌóãóÚó ÇáúãõÄóáøöÝõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÚóãóáðÇ ÈöÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó ÈóíúäóåõãóǺ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁó ÞöÓúãóÇäö: ÍóÞöíÞöíøñ æóÅöÖóÇÝöíøñ¡ æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ ÖöÏøõ ÇáÐøóãøö¡ íõÞóÇáõ: ÍóãöÏúÊõ ÇáÑøóÌõáó ÃóÍúãóÏõåõ ÍóãúÏðÇ æóãóÍúãóÏðÇ æóãóÍúãóÏóÉð¡ Ýóåõæó ãóÍúãõæÏñ æóÍóãöíÏñ.

æóíõÞóÇáõ: ÍóãøóÏó Çááøóåó ÈöÇáÊøóÔúÏöíÏö: ÃóËúäóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáúãóÑøóÉó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö.

æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ: åõæó ÇáËøóäóÇÁõ ÈöÇááøöÓóÇäö Úóáóì ÇáúÌóãöíáö ÇáöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑöíøö¡ äöÚúãóÉð ßóÇäó Ãóæú ÛóíúÑóåóÇ¡ íõÞóÇáõ: ÍóãöÏúÊõ ÇáÑøóÌõáó Úóáóì ÅöäúÚóÇãöåö¡ æóÍóãöÏúÊõåõ Úóáóì ÔóÌóÇÚóÊöåö.

æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÔøõßúÑõ ÝóÚóáóì ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÈöÇáúÞóáúÈö æóÇááøöÓóÇäö æóÇáúÌóæóÇÑöÍö¡ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:

ÃóÝóÇÏóÊúßõãõ ÇáäøóÚúãóÇÁõ ãöäøöí ËóáóÇËóÉð   íóÏöí æóáöÓóÇäöí æóÇáÖøóãöíÑó ÇáúãõÍóÌøóÈóÇ

æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÈóíúäó ÇáúÍóãúÏö æóÇáÔøõßúÑö Úõãõæãñ æóÎõÕõæÕñ ãöäú æóÌúåò¡ íóÌúÊóãöÚóÇäö Ýöí ÇáËøóäóÇÁö ÈöÇááøöÓóÇäö Úóáóì ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö¡ æóíóäúÝóÑöÏõ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ Ýöí ÇáËøóäóÇÁö ÈöÇááøöÓóÇäö Úóáóì ãóÇ áóíúÓó ÈöäöÚúãóÉò ãöäó ÇáúÌóãöíáö ÇáöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑöíøö¡ æóíóäúÝóÑöÏõ ÇáÔøõßúÑõ ÈöÇáËøóäóÇÁö ÈöÇáúÞóáúÈö æóÇáúÌóæóÇÑöÍö Úóáóì ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö. ÝóÇáúÍóãúÏõ ÃóÚóãøõ ãõÊóÚóáøóÞðÇ¡ æóÃóÎóÕøõ ÂáóÉð¡ æóÇáÔøõßúÑõ ÈöÇáúÚóßúÓö.

æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÝóÑúÞõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÍóãúÏö æóÇáúãóÏúÍö ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö: (Åöäøó ÇáúÍóãúÏó ÅöÎúÈóÇÑñ Úóäú ãóÍóÇÓöäö ÇáúãóÍúãõæÏö¡ ãóÚó ÍõÈøöåö¡ æóÊóÚúÙöíãöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÈõÏøó Ýöíåö ãöäö ÇÞúÊöÑóÇäö ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúãóÏúÍö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÅöÎúÈóÇÑñ ãõÌóÑøóÏñ)¡ æóáöÐóáößó ßóÇäó ÇáúãóÏúÍõ ÃóæúÓóÚó ÊóäóÇæõáðǺ áöÃóäøóåõ íóßõæäõ áöáúÍóíøö æóÇáúãóíøöÊö æóáöáúÌóãóÇÏö ÃóíúÖðÇ.

æó (Ãóáú) Ýöí ÇáúÍóãúÏö áöáöÇÓúÊöÛúÑóÇÞöº áöíóÊóäóÇæóáó ßõáøó ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÍóãúÏö ÇáúãõÍóÞøóÞóÉö æóÇáúãõÞóÏøóÑóÉö¡ æóÞöíáó: áöáúÌöäúÓö¡ æóãóÚúäóÇåõ: (Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóãúÏó ÇáúßóÇãöáó ËóÇÈöÊñ áöáøóåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöí ËõÈõæÊó ßõáøö ãóÇ íõÍúãóÏõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö ßóãóÇáöåö æóäõÚõæÊö ÌóãóÇáöåö¡ ÅöÐú ãóäú ÚóÏöãó ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúßóãóÇáöº ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöãóÍúãõæÏò Úóáóì ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö¡ æóáóßöäú ÛóÇíóÊõåõ Ãóäú íóßõæäõ ãóÍúãõæÏðÇ ãöäú ßõáøö æóÌúåò æóÈößõáøö ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑò ÈöÌóãöíÚö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÍóãúÏö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÍóÇÒó ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúßóãóÇáö ([8]) ÌóãöíÚóåóÇ.

ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö åõæó ãóäú ÈõÚöËó ÈöÑöÓóÇáóÉò¡ íõÞóÇáõ: ÃóÑúÓóáóåõ ÈößóÐóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ØóáóÈó Åöáóíúåö ÊóÃúÏöíóÊóåõ æóÊóÈúáöíÛóåõ. æóÌóãúÚõåõ: ÑõÓúáñ ÈöÓõßõæäö ÇáÓøöíäö¡ æóÑõÓõáñ ÈöÖóãøöåóÇ.

æóÝöí áöÓóÇäö ÇáÔøóÑúÚö: ÅöäúÓóÇäñ¡ ÐóßóÑñ¡ ÍõÑøñ¡ ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúåö ÈöÔóÑúÚò¡ æóÃõãöÑó ÈöÊóÈúáöíÛöåö.

ÝóÅöäú ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúåö æóáóãú íõÄúãóÑú ÈöÇáÊøóÈúáöíÛö Ýóåõæó äóÈöíøñ. Ýóßõáøõ ÑóÓõæáò äóÈöíøñ¡ æóáóÇ ÚóßúÓó¡ ÝóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ äóÈöíøðÇ ÛóíúÑó ÑóÓõæáò.

æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáÑøóÓõæáö ÇáúãõÖóÇÝö Åöáóì ÖóãöíÑö ÇáÑøóÈøö åõäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏñ r.

æó (ÇáúåõÏóì) Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö: ÇáúÈóíóÇäõ æóÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: { $¨Br&ur ߊqßJrO öNßg»oY÷ƒy‰ygsù (#q™6ystFó™$$sù 4‘yJyèø9$# ’n?tã 3“y‰çlù;$# } ([9]). ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÈóíøóäøóÇ áóåõãú. æóßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: { $¯RÎ) çm»uZ÷ƒy‰yd Ÿ@‹Î6¡¡9$# $¨BÎ) #[Ï.$x© $¨BÎ)ur #·‘qàÿx. ÇÌÈ } ([10]).

æóÇáúåõÏóì ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÚóÇãøñ áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ íõæÕóÝõ Èöåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: { ¨bÎ) #x‹»yd tb#uäöà)ø9$# “ωöku‰ ÓÉL¯=Ï9 š†Ïf ãPuqø%r& } ([11]).

æóíõæÕóÝõ Èöåö ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ r ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: { y7¯RÎ)ur ü“ωöktJs9 4’n<Î):ÞºuŽÅÀ 5OŠÉ)tGó¡•B ÇÎËÈ } ([12]).

æóÞóÏú íóÃúÊöí ÇáúåõÏóì ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞö æóÇáúÅöáúåóÇãö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÎóÇÕøðÇ Èöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ Çááøóåõ åöÏóÇíóÊóåõ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: { `yJsù ϊ̍ムª!$# br& ¼çmtƒÏ‰ôgtƒ ÷yuŽô³o„ ¼çnu‘ô‰|¹ ÉO»n=ó™M~Ï9 (} ([13]).

æóáöåóÐóÇ äóÝóÇåõ Çááøóåõ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáöåöº ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: { y7¨RÎ) Ÿw “ωöksE ô`tB |Mö6t7ômr& £`Å3»s9ur ©!$# “ωöku‰ `tB âä!$t±o„ 4 } ([14]).

æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúåõÏóì åõäóÇ: ßõáøõ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ r ãöäó ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑóÇÊö ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞóÉö¡ æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãö ÇáäøóÇÝöÚö¡ æóÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö.

æóÇáÏøöíäõ íóÃúÊöí áöÚöÏøóÉö ãóÚóÇäò: ãöäúåóÇ: ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: { Å7Î=»tB ÏQöqtƒ ÉúïÏe$!$# ÇÍÈ } ([15])¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõãú: ßóãóÇ íóÏöíäõ ÇáúÝóÊóì íõÏóÇäõ.

æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇáúÎõÖõæÚõ æóÇáöÇäúÞöíóÇÏõ¡ íõÞóÇáõ: ÏóÇäó áóåõ ÈöãóÚúäóì: Ðóáøó æóÎóÖóÚó¡ æóíõÞóÇáõ: ÏóÇäó Çááøóåó ÈößóÐóÇ¡ Ãóæú ßóÐóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇÊøóÎóÐóåõ ÏöíäðÇ íóÚúÈõÏõåõ Èöåö.

æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáÏøöíäö åõäóÇ: ÌóãöíÚõ ãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáó Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö r ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö æóÇáÔøóÑóÇÆöÚö ÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏöíøóÉð ßóÇäóÊú¡ Ãóãú ÞóæúáöíøóÉð¡ Ãóãú ÝöÚúáöíøóÉð.

æóÅöÖóÇÝóÊõåõ Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÞøö ãöäú ÅöÖóÇÝóÉö ÇáúãóæúÕõæÝö Åöáóì ÕöÝóÊöåöº Ãóíö: ÇáÏøöíäö ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÇáúÍóÞøõ: ãóÕúÏóÑõ ÍóÞøó íóÍöÞøõ ÅöÐóÇ ËóÈóÊó æóæóÌóÈó¡ ÝóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö: ÇáËøóÇÈöÊõ ÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ¡ æóíõÞóÇÈöáõåõ ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ÍóÞöíÞóÉó áóåõ.

ÇááøóÇãõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (áöíõÙúåöÑóåõ) áóÇãõ ÇáÊøóÚúáöíáö¡ æóåöíó ãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉñ ÈöÜ (ÃóÑúÓóáó)¡ æóåõæó ãöäó ÇáÙøõåõæÑö ÈöãóÚúäóì: ÇáúÚõáõæøö æóÇáúÛóáóÈóÉöº Ãóíú: áöíóÌúÚóáóåõ ÚóÇáöíðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÏúíóÇäö ßõáøöåóÇ ÈöÇáúÍõÌøóÉö æóÇáúÈõÑúåóÇäö.

æó (Ãóáú) Ýöí (ÇáÏøöíäö) áöáúÌöäúÓö¡ ÝóíóÏúÎõáõ Ýöíåö ßõáøõ Ïöíäò ÈóÇØöáò¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãó.

æóÇáÔøóåöíÏõ: ÝóÚöíáñ¡ æóåõæó ãõÈóÇáóÛóÉñ ãöäú ÔóåöÏó¡ æóåõæó ÅöãøóÇ ãöäó ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö æóÇáúÅöÚúáóÇãö¡ Ãóæú ãöäó ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÍõÖõæÑö¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: æóßóÝóì ÈöÇááøóåö ÔóåöíÏðÇ¡ ãõÎúÈöÑðÇ ÈöÕöÏúÞö ÑóÓõæáöåö¡ Ãóæú ÍóÇÖöÑðÇ ãõØøóáöÚðÇ áóÇ íóÛöíÈõ Úóäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ.

æóÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáöíøõ áöãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøó ÌóãöíÚó ÃóæúÕóÇÝö ÇáúßóãóÇáö ËóÇÈöÊóÉñ áöáøóåö Úóáóì Ãóßúãóáö ÇáúæõÌõæåö æóÃóÊóãøöåóÇ.

æóãöãøóÇ íõÍúãóÏõ Úóáóíúåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ äöÚóãõåõ Úóáóì ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ íõÍúÕöí ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÚóÏøóåóÇ¡ æóÃóÚúÙóãõåóÇ ÅöÑúÓóÇáõåõ ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ r ÈöÇáúåõÏóì æóÏöíäö ÇáúÍóÞøö ÑóÍúãóÉð áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó¡ æóÈõÔúÑóì áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäóº áöíõÙúåöÑóåõ Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóÏúíóÇäö ÈöÇáúÍõÌøóÉö æóÇáúÈõÑúåóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÚöÒøö æóÇáÊøóãúßöíäö æóÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö¡ æóßóÝóì ÈöÇááøóåö ÔóåöíÏðÇ Úóáóì ÕöÏúÞö ÑóÓõæáöåö æóÍóÞöíÞóÉö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö.

æóÔóåóÇÏóÊõåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Êóßõæäõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö æóÝöÚúáöåö æóÊóÃúíöíÏöåö áöÑóÓõæáöåö ÈöÇáäøóÕúÑö æóÇáúãõÚúÌöÒóÇÊö æóÇáúÈóÑóÇåöíäö ÇáúãõÊóäóæøöÚóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÇáúãõÈöíäõ.


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Âñå ìàòåðèàëû ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà ñàéòå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ öåëüþ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ÷èòàòåëÿìè è íå ïðåñëåäóþò êîììåð÷åñêèõ öåëåé èëè íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ. Ñòóäàëë.Îðã (0.004 ñåê.)