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Standard variants and Dialects of the English language

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In Modern linguistics the distinction is made between Standard English and territorial variants and local dialects of the English language.

Standard English may be defined as that form of English which is current and literary, substantially uniform and recognized as acceptable wherever English is spoken or understood. Most widely accepted and understood either within an English-speaking country or throughout the entire English-speaking world.

Variants of English are regional varieties possessing a literary norm. There are distinguished variants existing on the territory of the United Kingdom (British English, Scottish English and Irish English), and variants existing outside the British Isles (American English, Canadian English, Australian English, New Zealand English, South African English and Indian English). British English is often referred to the Written Standard English and the pronunciation known as Received Pronunciation (RP).

Local dialects are varieties of English peculiar to some districts, used as means of oral communication in small localities; they possess no normalized literary form.

Variants of English in the United Kingdom

Scottish English and Irish English have a special linguistic status as compared with dialects because of the literature composed in them.

Variants of English outside the British Isles

Outside the British Isles there are distinguished the following variants of the English language: American English, Canadian English, Australian English, New Zealand English, South African English, Indian English and some others. Each of these has developed a literature of its own, and is characterized by peculiarities in phonetics, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.

40. The basic stylistic division of the vocabulary is stylistically neutral and stylistically marked words. The former can be used in any situation and make up the greater part of every utterance. The latter are found only in specific contexts. horse (neutral) – steed (poetic) – gee-gee (a nursery word). Stylistically marked words are subdivided into formal and informal. Formal vocabulary includes special terms (morpheme, phoneme), learned words (initial, to exclude), official words (to dispatch, to summon) and poetic words (woe, to behold, lone). Informal vocabulary is subduvided into standard colloquial and substandard: slang, argot, dialectal, familiar and vulgar words. Colloquial vocabulary includes common polysemantic words (thing, get, really, nice), nouns converted from verbs (give a scare, make-up), verbs with postpositives (think out, come on), substantivized adjectives (woolies, daily), emotional units (a bit tired, by God, oh), modal words and expressions (definitely, in a way, rather, by no means). Slang words are fresh and shocking words for usual things: drunk – boozy, cocke-eyed, soaked, tight.

 

 


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